Finding the Best Why Do You Want to Attend College Essay Samples

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Sound Recording s Evolution Does It Affect The Music...

Konrad Strzalkowski 28 December 2016 Sound Recording’s Evolution Does it affect music industry? Music industry these days is an open world to every one. Building own and expensive music library over the years or spending hours in record stores seeking for your favourite taste of the sound†¦ is over. If anyone decide to hear album by for example: ’The Beatles’ or single called ‘Feeling Good’ by ‘Nina Simone’, it can be found and played within seconds. Music platforms such as YouTube, Spotify, iTunes, SoundCould etc. gives us possibilities to reach any music at any time and mostly for free. Additionally, these days making or recording music is easier than ever before and commonly available. Every Mac ships with a copy of GarageBand, software powerful enough to let anyone record an album. There is on going and endless argument, where some people say that the new world of music industry has liberated music and grown listeners with wider taste than ever, whereas on the other hand others worry that finding music is too easy and without nee d to save money to by an album we are becoming care less about music. In this essay I am not going through the argument, explaining what is good and bad about today’s music industry. I am going to talk about evolution of recorded sound, what is the very first factor that contributed to the changes of industry and mention eventual changes that appeared. *** Phonograph Middle 1800’s†¦ up in till then the only way to hear a song was to findShow MoreRelatedMusic Industry And Its Effect On The Entire Industry1113 Words   |  5 Pagesusually consider music as the necessity of life because it brings comfortable environment or the resonance of heart. However, with the development of modern computer technology and the industrial regulatory loopholes, the situations mentioned in the article have become a common phenomenon. Although some music fans may get their benefits from the pre-leaked CDs or illegally recorded products, the music smuggling and pirate have made negative impacts on the entire industry. The pirated music creates tortRead MoreThe Music Industrys Digital Revolution4674 Words   |  19 PagesThe record industries have change from the days of buying records to, A-track and now in this digital age of streaming. The supplies and demand business has takeover music industries, it is now, how we get it, how fast you get it and at w hat cost you to the consumers for the music. The demand would be a more convent way of listing to your favorite artist and the supply would be for different companies to stream the music to the consumer to keeping it current, this was the birth of Napster (napster2004)Read MoreIntroduction to Film Cinema and Literature12137 Words   |  49 Pages1) EVOLUTION OF FILM In 1873, Leland Stanford, a former California Governor needed help in winning a bet that he had made with a friend. Stanford was convinced that horse in gallop had all four feet off the ground and was bent on proving it. Since it was impossible to prove such a thing by merely watching a horse race, he employed the services of Eadweard Muybridge, who was a well-known photographer. Muybridge worked on the problem for four years and finally came up with a solution inRead MoreCis 324 Computer Ethics2250 Words   |  9 Pagesdefinition is read, does it imply an impartial connotation or is the definition insinuating that this technology is wrong without some form of centralized system or service? Who knows? This is up to the reader to decide, but much probably depends on the readers personal opinion on the matter. With the textbook’s definition stated, what is actually meant by P2P technology? In Basic English, P2P technology is the ability share / loan / give an electr onic file of any sort, be it music, software, videoRead MoreThe Entangled Political Economy Of Copyright1933 Words   |  8 Pagessanctions against copyright infringement have on how pirate communities choose to self-organize. I conclude with the claim that the entangled framework provides for better analysis than the tradition additive political economy framework because copyright does not work to control the outcome of the system and correct for the market failure associated with creative goods, rather it influences specific nodes in the entangled system in particular ways. KEYWORDS: Copyright, Digital Piracy, Entangled PoliticalRead MoreAnalyzing a Company’s Resources and Competitive Position9588 Words   |  39 PagesSingle-Business Company’s Strategy, shows the key components of a single-business company’s strategy. 3. The first thing to pin down is the company’s competitive approach. 4. Another strategy-defining consideration is the firm’s competitive scope within the industry 5. Another good indication of the company’s strategy is whether the company has made moves recently to improve its competitive position and performance. 6. While there is merit in evaluating the strategy from a qualitative standpoint (its completenessRead MoreBlue Ocean Strategy A Literature Review5808 Words   |  24 PagesBlue Ocean strategy. The articles selected were based on the keywords â€Å"Blue Ocean strategy†, â€Å"Red Ocean†, and â€Å"Strategic planning†, or where the article’s title includes one of these compound terms. In today’s economy where competition in various industries occurs on a global scale, having and sustaining a competitive advantage has become increasingly important for the continuous survival of an organization. This literature review discusses the definition, concepts, tools, and frameworks found withinRead MoreHanson Production18651 Words   |  75 Pagesfailure, yet cost more profit and affect the recoup schedule. Indian Film Production INDEX 1. Chapter One: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Film Production Houses In India 1.2 An overview of Indian film industry 1.2.1 Historical Section - How Bollywood has evolved 1.3 Size and growth opportunities 1.3.1 Current situation 1.4 Aims, Objectives and Research questions 2. Chapter Two: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Corporate Structure Of Production Houses 2.2 Indian Film Industry   2.3 Corporate Production House Read MoreHorror Genre Dissertation6741 Words   |  27 PagesAbstract Page I have researched on the Horror genre, looking at when it begun, the decline in popularity it has foreseen and how it has been able to recreate itself each time. I looked at comedy horror films and what part it plays within the film industry. I found that parody films like Scream are made to reinvent the genre. It quotes previous horror films as well as re-enact a horror story. I also found that pastiche films like Scary Movie are solely to entertain the audience. It is to make the audienceRead MoreMarketing and E-commerce Business65852 Words   |  264 Pages CHAPTER 2 E-COMMERCE BUSINESS MODELS AND CONCEPTS Opening Case: Twitter’s Business Model Insight on Society: Foursquare: Check Your Privacy at the Door Insight on Business: Crowdfunding Takes Off Insight on Technology: Battle of the Titans: Music in the Cloud Case Study: Pandora and the Freemium Business Model CHAPTER 3 E-COMMERCE INFRASTRUCTURE: THE INTERNET, WEB, AND MOBILE PLATFORM Opening Case: Google Glass: Augment My Reality Insight on Society: Government Surveillance and Regulation

Ratio and Proportion free essay sample

Hence similar is with the aggregate values. †¢If a number is to be proportionately changed in a given ratio then the antecedent refers to the given number. Hence find the proportionality constant (number / antecedent) and multiply this constant with the consequent to get the answer. If 25 is to be changed in ratio 5:7 then 25 is represented by 5, so constant is 25/5 = 5, hence answer is 57 = 35 †¢In a given ratio a : b †¢If a gt; b then ratio is of greater inequality †¢If a lt; b then ratio is of lesser / less inequality. The inverse ratio is b : a †¢Duplicate ratio is a2 : b2 †¢Triplicate ratio is a3 : b3 †¢Subduplicate ratio is va : vb †¢Subtriplicate ratio is 3va : 3vb †¢Commensurable if a and b are integers †¢Incommensurable if a and b are not integers †¢The compounded ratio of (a1: b1), (a2 : b2) and (a3 : b3) is (a1. a2. a3) : (b1. b2. b3) [ that is product of the antecedents by product of the consequents ] †¢A ratio, multiplied with its inverse produces 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Ratio and Proportion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¢A ratio multiplied with itself produces duplicate ratio Continued ratio or proportion is the proportional relationship between 3 or more items. Proportion brings about a continuous relationship between 3 or more items = relationship between 2 or more ratios †¢Let A : B = 2 : 3 and B : C = 5 : 7 . then A : B : C ? 2 : 3 : 7 or ? 2 : 5 : 7 †¢We need to bring parity at b and LCM of 3 and 5 is 15. So †¢A 2 2 x 5 = 10 †¢B 3 3 x 5 = 15 5 5 x 3 = 15 †¢C 7 7 x 3 = 21 †¢so A : B : C = 10 : 15 : 21 The mean proportion of A and B is X such that †¢A, X and B are in proportion †¢A, X and B are in geometric progression †¢X is the geometric mean †¢(A/X) = (X/B) †¢X2 = AB †¢In A : B : C : D †¢A and D are called extremes / extreme terms †¢B and C are called means / middle terms †¢A, B, C and D are in a geometric progression †¢(A/B) = (B/C) = (C/D) †¢A. D = B. C that is (product of extremes) = (product of means) †¢B2 = AC †¢C2 = BD †¢The third proportion of A and B is X such that †¢A, B and X are in proportion †¢A, B and X are in geometric progression B is the mean proportion of A and X †¢(A/B) = (B/X) †¢B2 = AX.

Jefferson Outfederalized the Federalists free essay sample

When presented with the treaty, Jefferson feared that signing treaty was unconstitutional because it wasnt directly stated in constitution. However, after thinking it over, Jefferson signed the treaty and rationalized for it through implied powers (Moran and Holder 164) and that he had the right under the constitution under the treaty-making powers (Brinkley 202).This went against the Republican view that the federal government only has he rights specifically mentioned in the constitution, and the constitution did not state that the President has the authority to purchase land from other countries. Finally, the Louisiana Purchase used federalist ideas by its vagueness. The treaty did not specifically set up boundaries but simply stated that the purchase was the same extent as when France and Spain owned it (Brinkley 202). With this one action, Jefferson went against two of his Republican views; interpreting the constitution as it is written and strong dates rights.Besides the Louisiana Purchase, many other not as important actions were taken that resembled federalists ideas. We will write a custom essay sample on Jefferson Outfederalized the Federalists or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Originally, republicans didnt want a national bank, but during Jefferson term, he allowed the first bank to continue without interference until its contract was up. His reasoning for this, which was in opposition to his view of an agrarian society, was that America was and needed to be more industrialized and as the nation became larger and more powerful, a source of financial union and order was needed.States rights were also weakened as a result of the signing of the Louisiana Purchase treaty. The treaty, along with the idea of implied powers, increased the executive powers, but at the same time decreased the strength of state governments. This went against the Republican view of states rights being more important than Federal rights. While Thomas Jefferson did show many Federalist tendencies, he still strongly supported Democratic-Republican views. Some of these views included his support against a national debt and strong states rights.Although states rights were weakened somewhat in his term, he still abolished the Excise Tax, which he felt was unconstitutional, and got rid of the Naturalization Act. In the case of the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson was in a situation with almost only one logical choice. If he turned down the treaty, it left a large area of land open for other countries to settle and begin an empire in. So in doing what was best for the country, he inevitably adopted some of the Federalist views, mostly without a choice.

Lifetime Health and Fitness Essays

Lifetime Health and Fitness Essays Lifetime Health and Fitness Essay Lifetime Health and Fitness Essay Fitness has always been a part of my life. I am not going to lie, I did struggle with it during my younger years. I was what people call a â€Å"fat middle-schooler† because when I was 12 years old, I weighed 150 pounds. But the catch was, I was still very athletic. I played sports year round like soccer, flag football, and mostly basketball, all physical sports, but still could not loose the weight. My mom, just like every other mom who does not want to hurt their children’s feelings, always told me I was not fat, just big boned. This of course did not help one bit. I knew I was fat and there was nothing I could do about it. Eventually my weight became out of hand. I was 15 years old and weighed 165 pounds. Enough was enough. Fortunately, I had a very physically fit older brother whom I looked up too. I begged him to teach me how to get â€Å"fit† because I hated how much I was getting made fun of by the other kids in school. So he helped me by going to the gym and eating the right kind of food so that my gut would fall right off. And he was right. In about three months, I went from an overweight 15 year old, to a physically fit 15 year old. When I went back to school after the 3 months off for summer, no one recognized me. It was amazing. From that point on, I promised I would not let my body look as bad as it did back then. Now, the reason I am telling you this is because these were the fundamental building blocks of my physical health and fitness, which of course is the reason we take this class. From this class, I really liked that we got down to the point, got exactly what we needed to know, and was not surprised with what was on the tests. What I did not like about the class was the 25 minute presentation because it just seemed way too long and most of it was about the information we had already learned from the class. One thing I would change from the class was the 25 minute presentation. I would change it to a 10 minute presentation and give the students a guideline on what the teacher wanted specifically. Overall, this was one of two classes I looked forward to going to.

How Does the Executive Branch Check the Judicial Branch

How Does the Executive Branch Check the Judicial Branch SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Understanding how the United States government works is critical to succeeding on the AP United States Government and Politics exam. That includes having a solid understanding about how each piece of the federal government works together. One of the key components of this is the checks and balances system, which is where each branch of government checksor limitsthe power of the others. And unfortunately, understanding how those checks work can be a little confusing. That’s where this article comes in. Today, we’re going to investigate how the executive branch of the U.S. government checks the judicial branch. To do this, we’ll: Define the three branches of government Examine how the judicial and executive branches operate Answer the question, â€Å"How does the executive branch check the judicial branch?† So let’s get started! The Three Branches of the United States Government When the United States was founded in 1776, the federal governmentor the government that governs all the states collectivelywas split into three branches with equal power: the executive branch, the judicial branch, and the legislative branch. The idea behind splitting the government into three separate pieces was to make sure no one area of government held too much power. Remember: the United States broke away from England for many complex reasons, but a major factor was how much power the English government had over the original thirteen colonies. It’s no surprise, then, that the founding fathers were concerned about making sure that the federal government of the United States didn’t become as big and powerful as the English monarchy. Their solution was to create a three-part governing system where each branch could limit the power of the others. This is called a checks and balances system, which you can learn more about in our complete guide. For this article, though, let’s take a closer look at two of the three branches of U.S. government and see how the executive branch can check the judicial branch. The Judicial Branch: Definition and Explanation The judicial branch of the federal government is tasked with interpreting the laws, including Constitutional laws, which are created by the legislative branch. This happens through the court system, where attorneys bring cases before a judge (and sometimes jury). When a judge makes a ruling on a case, they are actually interpreting the law. That means they’re reading the laws and determining whether a defendant has actually broken them or not. In some federal cases, judges are actually evaluating the laws themselves to determine if they’re in violation of the constitution! For instance, in the famous case of Brown v. the Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that laws requiring the racial segregation of schools were unconstitutional. The U.S. Supreme Court While the U.S. judicial system is vastthere are both state and federal courts, each with different organizational hierarchiesthey both operate under the Supreme Court of the United States (or SCOTUS). Understanding what the Supreme Court is and how it operates is key to understanding how the executive branch can check the power of the judicial branch. You may have heard of the Supreme Court referred to as â€Å"the highest court in the land.† That’s because it’s the only part of the judicial branch that’s specifically required by the Constitution, though Congress determines the number of justices that serve as part of the Supreme Court. Currently, the court has nine justices, including one Chief Justice. The Supreme Court serves as the final say on all laws in the United States, and it also rules on Constitutional issues, too. The rulings of the Supreme Court directly affect how laws are interpreted, enacted, and upheld across the United States. Some of the most famous court rulings have done things like guarantee defendants the right to an attorney, legalized same-sex marriage, and invalidated laws preventing interracial marriages. So how does someone become a Supreme Court justice? (This is actually pretty important to understanding the executive-judicial checks and balances system.) First, they have to be nominated by the President, or the executive branch of government. The nominee then has to be approved by the majority vote of the Senate, which is a part of the legislative branch of government. Once appointed, justices serve on the court for the rest of their lives or until they voluntarily retire. Federal Appellate Courts But the Supreme Court isn’t the only federal court in the United States. Since the Supreme Court only hears 100 to 150 cases a year, most federal cases are heard and adjudicatedor decidedby the federal appellate courts. When a federal case goes to trial, it is heard in a U.S. District Court. That’s where prosecutors and defendants call witnesses to the stand, provide evidence, and try to prove their cases. After both sides present their cases, a judge or a jury decides whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. The defendant, however, has the right to appeal the U.S. District Court’s decision. When a case is appealed, it’s heard in appellate court. There are thirteen appellate courts in the United States. Each of the 12 regional circuits of the federal court system has their own appellate court. The 13th court is known as the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Unlike the other appellate courtswhich only adjudicate cases from their regional circuitsthe United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has nationwide jurisdiction. Its job is to hear appeals on topics like patent law, veterans affairs, and international trade. So what do the appellate courts do? Well, it’s the job of the appellate court is to determine the outcome of an appeal (just as their name implies). Unlike the original trial, which involves hearing testimony and examining evidence, the appellate courts don’t retry cases or hear new evidence. Instead, the case is reviewed by a panel of three judges in order to determine a) whether the defendant received a fair trial and/or b) whether the correct law was applied appropriately. If a defendant wins their appealmeaning, if the appellate court rules in the defendant’s favorthe case goes back to trial court to be heard again. If the appellate court affirms, or upholds, the trial court’s decision, however, the original verdict stands. The appellate court is an important part of the federal court system, and it helps ensure that people receive fair trials. And just like Supreme Court justices, federal judgesincluding the appellate court judgesare appointed by the President of the United States. The Executive Branch: Definition and Explanation The executive branch of the United States government is the branch that makes sure the laws of the United States are obeyed. The executive branch is split into three major groups. The first is the presidency, which we’ll talk about in more depth in just a second. The second group is the U.S. Cabinet, which is a set of advisors appointed by the President to help guide him on issues facing different sectors of the United States. The cabinet is comprised of the Vice President and the heads of the 15 major federal agencies. The third group of the executive branch are the federal agencies themselves, which help enforce laws in different legal and economic areas of the United States. For example, the Department of Labor oversees the American workforce, which includes making sure work environments adhere to federal laws (OSHA) and administering federal disability programs for people who are injured and/or no longer able to work (OWCP). But because the President is the head of the executive branch, it gives them the most power to check the judicial branch. So let’s take a quick look at the powers of the United States presidency. The Presidency The President of the United States has eight major roles within the government of the United States. They are: Chief of State: The President represents the United States to the rest of the world. Chief Executive: The President is the head of the federal government. Commander-In-Chief: The President commands every branch of the armed forces, and generals report to the President. Chief Diplomat: The President sets the United States’ foreign policy and appoints diplomats/ambassadors. Legislative Leader: While the President cannot make laws, they can ask Congress to do so and/or veto existing legislation before it’s passed. Chief Administrator: The President leads the executive branch of government, which includes more than 2.7 civilian employees. The President also appoints people to different roles, which includes appointing federal judges and nominating Supreme Court justices. Chief of Party: While this role isn’t specifically outlined in the Constitution, in modern politics, the President also serves as the head of their political party. Chief Citizen: This role isn’t specifically outlined in the Constitution either, but as Chief Citizen, American citizens expect the President to represent their interests and provide strong leadership. The role that matters most in terms of the executive branch checking the judicial branch is Chief Administrator because it gives them the power to appoint judges to long-serving positions in the justice system. How Does the Executive Branch Check the Judicial Branch? After reading the sections above, you’ve probably realized that the executive branch and judicial branch overlap...which is how the branches check each other’s power. Judicial-Executive Checks on Power Don’t worry, we’re going to get to know how the executive branch checks the judicial branch. But first, we need to take a short detour to explain how the judicial branch checks the executive branch. This will help things make more sense later. Since the judicial branch’s job is to interpret laws, they are constantly weighing in on laws signed into effect by the President (through their executive powers). Additionally, the judicial branch makes sure that the U.S. Constitution isn’t being violated. That means that members and departments of the executive branchincluding the Presidentcan be sued for violating their constitutional authority. For instance, when President Trump declared a state of national emergency to try and fund the building of a border wall, a watchdog group named Public Citizen filed a lawsuit against him. Their suit alleges that President Trump’s actions are unconstitutional, and now it’s the judicial system’s job to determine whether that’s true or not. If they rule against President Trump, it will serve as a check on his executive powers. Nick Youngson/The Blue Diamond Gallery Appointing Federal Judges It might seem as if the judicial branch has all the power over the executive branch. But that isn’t the case! One way the President checks judicial power is through his ability to appoint federal judges. Since the President is the Chief Administrator, it’s his job to appoint court of appeals judges, district court judges, and Supreme Court justices. There are more than 870 federal judgeships today, which means the President has their work cut out for them! It also gives the President quite a bit of power over how the justice system works. That’s because all federal judgeships are life terms, which means that once a judge is appointed, they serve in their position until a) they retire or b) they are impeached and removed from office due to misconduct. Once a judge leaves office, it’s the President’s job to appoint their replacement. That can really add upfor example, over the course of his presidency, former President Barack Obama appointed 334 judges, including two Supreme Court justices. Federal judges are an important part of the judicial process because they have the power of judicial review, which is the authority to interpret the Constitution. When a judge rules on a constitutional issue, their decision becomes legal precedent. Their ruling will now serve as the standard by which similar cases are judged. In fact, once a precedent is set, it’s uncommon for a court to rule against it. When Presidents appoint federal judges, they often consider both a judge’s pedigreeor their qualificationsalong with their position on key political issues. Often, Presidents appoint judges that share their ideas about how laws should work. This helps keep the judiciary in check, especially given that no party has ever held presidential power in the United States for more than 28 years (the Democratic-Republican Party held the presidency from 1801 to 1829). So how does this check judicial power? It means that Presidents can influence the political leanings of the federal court, and since judges serve a lifetime appointment, they can continue to impact the judiciary process long after a President steps down. For example, Judge George C. Young was appointed as a federal trial judge by President John F. Kennedy in 1961...and he served in office until 2015! The President nominates Supreme Court Justices. Justice Sonia Sotomayor was nominated by President Barack Obama. Nominating Supreme Court Justices The President’s ability to appoint federal judges is especially critical when it comes to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court only hears around 100 to 150 cases a year, but those cases change the ways laws are implemented across the country. For example, the Supreme Court’s ruling on Roe v. Wade in 1973 which made first- and second-trimester abortions legal in all 50 states. That ruling still stands and dictates law today, despite abortion being a hot-button political issue. Like we mentioned earlier, it’s the President’s job to nominate justices to the Supreme Court. The President often nominates judges who align with their political stances on critical issues. Because the Supreme Court is so powerful, the President’s nominations can have lasting impacts on the long-term political leanings of the Court. When the Supreme Court leans more liberal (or more conservative), it can impact how the Court rules on cases. For example, with the appointment of Justice Brett Kavanaugh in 2019, the Supreme Court now leans more conservative. The President’s power This effectively checks the judicial system by ensuring that the makeup of the Supreme Courtand its ideologyshifts from time. Every Thanksgiving, the President pardons a turkey. The President also has the power to pardon people, too. Pardon Power The last way that the executive branch checks the judicial branch is through the power of the pardon. Executive branch officials like state governors and the United States President can overturn convictions by the court. This only counts in cases where the criminal committed a crime against the state (in the case of a Governor’s pardon) or against the United States (in the case of a Presidential pardon). When a criminal is pardoned, their conviction is completely overturned and their record is expunged. That means it’s as if the crime was never committed in the first place! This allows the executive branch to check the judicial branch by ensuring that the judicial branch isn’t using its power unfairly. A good example of how the pardon power checks the judicial branch is the case of Patty Hearst. Patty Hearst was convicted and sentenced to two years in prison for robbing a bank in 1974. But Hearst was also suffering from Stockholm Syndrome. She had been kidnapped and brainwashed by a militant organization months before the bank robbery. In 2001, President Bill Clinton granted her a full pardon, which absolved Hearst from any legal wrongdoing. What's Next? Now that you know more about the executive branch, the judicial branch, and the checks and balances system, it’s time to get to know the AP U.S. Government exam. Here’s our introductory guide to the AP U.S. Government exam that will help get your test prep off on the right foot. Not sure what to study? No problem. Here’s a compilation of the best AP U.S. Government notes to get you started. The AP U.S. Government exam has a section called the free response questions, or FRQs. They’re essentially short essay responses to prompts, and for many students, they’re one of the trickiest parts of the test. That’s why we’ve broken down how to answer them and earn top marks in our FRQ guide! Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Ashley Robinson About the Author Ashley Sufflà © Robinson has a Ph.D. in 19th Century English Literature. As a content writer for PrepScholar, Ashley is passionate about giving college-bound students the in-depth information they need to get into the school of their dreams. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Effects of the Smoking on Humans Health Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Effects of the Smoking on Humans Health - Article Example A major reason why people smoke is that they do not realize what harm smoking causes to the health. The inhaled smoke harms the biological system that oxygenates the bloodstream, but smokers may not know that. Carbon monoxide present in the cigarette smoke reduces the transported amount of oxygen through blood. This research project compared a group of smokers with a group of non-smokers to study the relationship between smoking and level of oxygenation in the blood. There were a total of 13 members in each group. A pulse oximeter was used to gauge the levels of blood oxygenation. On the basis of the previous research, this research project’s results should identify lower levels of blood oxygenation in the smokers as compared to the blood oxygenation levels of the non-smokers because of the reduced efficiency of the smokers’ bodies to carry oxygen through the bloodstream. Differences between the blood oxygenation levels of the selected groups were measures using means, t-tests, and standard deviations. In spite of the support of the previous research for drastic difference between the blood oxygenation levels of the two groups, this research project did not find any significant difference. The major anticipated reason for the deviation of the results of this research from the previous researches is that the groups selected for this research comprised young people whereas the effects of smoking possibly take time to reveal themselves. Retesting the same groups after some time is recommended.

Journal about Religion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal about Religion - Assignment Example These religions contribute to creation and maintenance of peace among people. They also help to instil and shape the moral aspects of human beings by teaching people how to behave in the society. People can identify what is bad and good or wrong and right through religious teachings. For instance, through religious teachings, a child grows up knowing that stealing is wrong and helping others is right. Therefore, the religion helps to shape up the behaviors of people by promoting morality and righteousness in life (Haight 123). Most of the religions in the world support peace. However, wars and violence historically and presently seem to transpire in the name of religion. Most armed conflicts and wars are undertaken for religious reasons. Religious components contribute either directly or indirectly to armed as well as inter-ethnic conflicts. For instance, Muslims and Christians have lived their life-fighting due to religious differences. Some Muslims fanatics, particularly in the country of Somalia, execute Christians unnecessarily (Williams

Psychodynamic Personality Theories Essay Example for Free

Psychodynamic Personality Theories Essay Contemporary society is intrigued with the notion of human behavior as it expresses itself in our personality. Psychoanalytic model is most noted for introspective strategies such as depth interviewing and projective techniques, which have emanated from its theoretical perspective. Classical psychoanalytic conceptualization approached the study of character or personality in two very different ways, each deriving from an early theoretical model of individual development. In the era of Freud’s original drive theory, an attempt was made to understand personality on the basis of fixation. Later with the development of ego psychology, character was conceived as expressing the operation of particular styles of defense. This second way of understanding character was not in conflict with the first; it provided a different set of ideas and metaphors for comprehending what was meant by a type of personality (Magnavita, 2002). The contemporary psychodynamic model of personality is very popular, particularly with clinical practitioners, and offers much that is useful for conceptualizing personality and personal disorders. The strength of this model seems to lie in the power of many of its fundamental constructs, such as the unconscious, defense systems, and the relation among component personality structures. It is hard to imagine a psychology of personality without some reference to these and other constructs. The limitations of this model are many. Unfortunately, after years of perpetuating itself in a closed system, a crisis developed about the viability of this model. Another draw back is the tendency to eschew empirical research, which would have established wider scientific acceptance. For many, the conceptualizations and esoteric language make it difficult to immerse oneself in what seems a dogmatic intellectualized system for those who hide behind language. In conclusion knowing where to approximately place an individual on the structural continuum is as much a clinical art as a science. Reference Magnavita, J. J. (2002). Theories of personality: contemporary approaches to the science of personality. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

The Eccentric Work of Djuna Barnes :: Biography Arts

The Eccentric Work of Djuna Barnes It is precisely Barnes's relation to literary tradition that so troubles assessments of her work: readers do not know where to "place" her. . . . Although well respected by her contemporaries, Barnes's work has fallen prey to the same set of received notions that until very recently informed studies of Gertrude Stein: both women have been chastised for being significantly different from their Paris colleagues and for failing to master the Modernist enterprise. (Benstock 242-3) It only seems appropriate that I begin with this quotation from Shari Benstock's Women of the Left Bank because it immediately situates the critical problem that my own project hopes to illuminate: how to begin to approach Barnes's eccentric work within a historical context and how to make sense of the implications of such eccentricities given that context. Her work, even within the diverse body of eccentric modernist texts, stands apart in its uniqueness. Like many modernist texts (i.e. Toomer's Cane, Joyce's Finnegan's Wake, and much of Stein's work), Barnes's work is difficult to categorize. Unlike other modernist texts, however, Barnes's work challenges genre through its mixing of both linguistic and visual representation. For example, in texts such as Ladies Almanack and The Book of Repulsive Women, Barnes uses both text and drawings to depict female sexuality. It is this shifting between modes of representation that will be the emphasis of my project. Through an examination of both her textual and visual art forms, I will argue that Barnes was experimenting in different ways than her contemporaries, ways that radically challenged understandings of gender, identity, and sexuality by suggesting that these categories are unstable, ever-shifting entities. One of the most important elements in this experimentation was her performance: through her shifts between forms and genres, Barnes mimics and performs the very instabilities that she represents in those art forms. Much like the fin-de-sià ¨cle Decadents with whom she is often linked, Barnes makes central the trope of transition in her shifts between genres. Indeed, Djuna Barnes's work is grounded in decadence, and a brief examination of this tradition will help situate her work. French and English fin-de-sià ¨cle writers and artists such as Arthur Rimbaud, Paul Verlaine, Oscar Wilde, Arthur Symons, Max Beerbohm, and Aubrey Beardsley all used a decadent style in their works. Though many critics point to the difficulty in defining decadence, they do agree that the style has distinguishing characteristics:

Perkins Component Company

What type of power does Jerry Taylor have, if any, in this situation? What would you recommend Jerry do at the end of this case, and why? First of all, it is really important to have a good understanding of the organizational realities and power dynamics in the Perkins Components organisation to be able to evaluate Jerry Taylor’s position in it. By identifying the different power sources available in the organization, we can obtain the following â€Å"power map†: As we can see in the â€Å"map† above, Jerry Taylor’s formal power (through his status) in the organisation is not very important; but his â€Å"collaboration network† within his department and outside with the engineering department puts him a particular position. He seems to be the only one with the necessary authority and connections to be able to make the collaboration between the two departments in the company happen. Thus, his network gives a certain power. At the end of the case, we can see that the situation as become very difficult to handle with Frank getting very upset, and for good reason! The most important for Jerry Taylor is to maintain this situation under control. In order to do so, he can’t let Frank leave his office like this. Since it’s the manufacturing department which Jerry Taylor belongs to that is in the wrong, it is Jerry’s duty to accept responsibility for Tom Darrow’s decision not to get a TA from the engineering department and present the manufacturing department apologies (represented by him) to the engineering department (represented by Frank). If manufacturing does not accept and recognize that it was his fault, the two departments won’t collaborate anymore in the future which would result in a disaster for the company! Moreover, when making a change in the company organisation, it is very important to implement guidelines and rules and stick to them. In this case, it had been made clear that a TA should be asked from engineering when a change in plan wanted to be done, and Tom Darrow deliberately did not respect this rule. To make it up to engineering and show them that they can work together with the manufacturing people, Jerry Taylor needs to show them that manufacturing is respecting the rules. Thus, he needs to get someone from his department to ask for a TA, Tom Darrow would normally be the one in charge but he did not do it. Therefore, he should ask Ralph since as a machine shop foreman, he is responsible for following the procedure as stated.

Talk Show Script

Twenty-five years I'm alive here still Trying to get up that great big hill of hope For a destination I realized quickly when I knew I should That the world was made up of this brotherhood of man For whatever that means And so I cry sometimes When I'm lying in bed Just to get it all out What's in my head And I, I am feeling a little peculiar. And so I wake in the morning And I step outside And I take a deep breath and I get real high And I scream from the top of my lungs What's going on? And I say: HEY! yeah yeaaah, HEY yeah yeaI said hey, what's going on? And I say: HEY! yeah yeaaah, HEY yeah yea I said hey, what's going on? ooh, ooh ooooooooooooooooh ooh, ooh ooooooooooooooooh and I try, oh my god do I try I try all the time, in this institution And I pray, oh my god do I pray I pray all sanctity For a revolution. And so I cry sometimes When I'm lying bed Just to get it all out What's in my head And I, I am feeling a little peculiar And so I wake in the morning And I step outside A nd I take a deep breath and I get real high And I scream from the top of my lungs What's going on?And I say, hey hey hey hey I said hey, what's going on? And I say, hey hey hey hey I said hey, what's going on? And I say, hey hey hey hey I said hey, what's going on? And I say, hey hey hey hey I said hey, what's going on? ooh, ooh ooooooooooooooooh ooooooooooooooooh Twenty-five years I'm alive here still Trying to get up that great big hill of hope for a destination source:Â  http://www. lyricsondemand. com/onehitwonders/whatsuplyrics. html Stanza 1 Paraphrae of the poem The guy looked so innocent and sincere, so his betrayal was most nexpected as she thought his quiet eyes were signs of love. She sympathised with him as he seemed like he was longing for love and companionship. Stanza 2 She regrets that she had not listened to the advice to be wary of man who like to flirt and who only look for pleasure. She should not have compromised on her principles as well. If she had been more careful, she would not be wondering about his betrayal, how and why it happened as well as how and why she let it happen to her.Stanza 3 Here is an advice to young girls out there. Make sure that being nice to another person means to be pleasant, friendly and kind. One need not be intimate with someone else in order to be considered a nice person. Take heed of this advice and one will not be taken advantage of, although one may fall in love more than once. Elements of the poem Theme The main theme of the poem is the exploration of human feelings through the sharing of the experiences.The pesona has gone through a bad experience of being betrayed in love and her experience is being related by the author. At the same time, the author is also giving advice on how to avoid getting into the same predicament as the pesona. Another theme in the poem is the betrayal of a young girl’s love. She had believed that the man was sincere as he was able to fool her with his ‘quiet eyes ’. As a result, she gave her love wholeheartedly to him, only to find out later that he had ulterior motives.Deception is also a theme in the poem. The man had deceptive eyes, but the girl was so infatuated with him that she did not realize his hidden agendas. The man was only interested in getting into bed with her and nothing else. The poem also revolves around the theme of meaningful relationships. The author advises young women to be careful when starting a relationship. They should make sure that the relationship is based on true love and not merely physical attraction.

The Vision of the Iranian Females of the Muslim Culture

The Vision of the Iranian Females of the Muslim Culture The interview with the Iranian female can provide the significant information on the Iranian culture, on the particular customs and traditions, and on the woman’s role in the country.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Vision of the Iranian Females of the Muslim Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The answers to the questions on the cultural aspects are helpful to learn specific details about the Iranian culture because they are presented from the perspective of the Muslim woman. Concrete Expressions The dress of Iranian males and females is rather conservative, in spite of the impact of the Western culture. Females still need to have their heads, necks, and arms covered, and males are not expected to come into public in short pants or T- shirts. However, modern Iranian women can wear head scarves and long coats with jeans. The Iranian architecture is characterised by the focus on traditionalism and Wes tern patterns. There are many buildings with mosaics, decorative elements, arches, and columns situated near the contemporary buildings made of steel and glass. The city centre traditionally has the functions of the Eastern bazaar. The functions of the public space differ significantly from the functions of the private space. Modern Iranian women need to struggle for their right to be actively represented in the public space and activities. Those women and men who do not belong to one family cannot interact or hold hands. Recognized Behaviours Only men have the right to greet each other openly, in public. Their physical contacts while greeting are also expected to represent their respect. The members of different families and of opposite gender cannot interact, especially with the focus on the Western tradition of shaking hands. Modern Iranian families can be discussed as Westernized in relation to the family traditions. However, the main attention is still paid to marriage traditio ns.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Future spouses are expected to develop a formal contract before the marriage because of the necessity to state all the details regarding the household and property. Divorces are not frequent, and they are especially traumatic for the Iranian females who traditionally belong to the males’ households. Explicit Beliefs Gender roles are the matter for discussion in the Iranian culture because modern views differ significantly from the traditions. Modern Iranian women need to prove their right for good education and job positions because their roles are mainly discussed with references to the family. Today, more and more women become represented in different public activities and as supporters of women rights movements. Iranians pay much attention to dividing the public and private life. In public, the leading roles are play ed by men, and in the private settings, the leading roles are often played by women, although they need to follow their husbands’ opinions. Deeply Embedded Beliefs Iranians prefer to have close contacts with relatives, friends, and the persons they respect. If a man from the Western world is respected by the Iranian, he will be polite and sensitive while interacting with this person. Changes are not perceived as good in the Iranian culture that is based on customs and traditions. Therefore, changes are often discussed as predicting negative consequences because the traditional rule is often perceived as almost ideal. The number of children and their successes are traditionally considered as the criteria for the individual success for both Iranian males and females.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Vision of the Iranian Females of the Muslim Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The relationship between humans and nature is close because the changes in the nature influence the life of the Iranians significantly. They respect the nature in form of flowers and animals and prefer the representations of the natural objects on decorative elements in their houses. The information about new things often comes from the advice of elderly or respected persons. Furthermore, families prefer to contact closely and share all the views regarding new products, services, observed situations, or learnt facts.

Prester John - Important Figure for Geography

Prester John - Important Figure for Geography In the twelfth century, a mysterious letter began to circulate around Europe. It told of a magical kingdom in the East that was in danger of being overrun by infidels and barbarians. This letter was supposedly written by a king known as Prester John. The Legend of Prester John Throughout the Middle Ages, the legend of Prester John sparked geographic exploration across Asia and Africa. The letter first surfaced in Europe as early as the 1160s, claiming to be from Prester (a corrupted form of the word Presbyter or Priest) John. There were over one-hundred different versions of the letter published over the following few centuries. Most often, the letter was addressed to Emanuel I, the Byzantine Emperor of Rome, though other editions were also often addressed to the Pope or the King of France. The letters said that Prester John ruled a huge Christian kingdom in the East, comprising the three Indias. His letters told of his crime-free and vice-free peaceful kingdom, where honey flows in our land and milk everywhere abounds. (Kimble, 130) Prester John also wrote that he was besieged by infidels and barbarians and he needed the help of Christian European armies. In 1177, Pope Alexander III sent his friend Master Philip to find Prester John; he never did. Despite that failed reconnaissance, countless explorations had the goal of reaching and rescuing Prester Johns kingdom that had rivers filled with gold and was the home of the Fountain of Youth (his letters are the first recorded mention of such a fountain). By the fourteenth century, exploration had proved that Prester Johns kingdom did not lie in Asia, so subsequent letters (published as a ten-page manuscript in several languages), wrote that the besieged kingdom was located in Abyssinia (present-day Ethiopia). When the kingdom moved to Abyssinia after a 1340 edition of the letter, expeditions and voyages began to head to Africa to rescue the kingdom. Portugal sent expeditions to find Prester John throughout the fifteenth century. The legend lived on as cartographers continued to include the kingdom of Prester John on maps through the seventeenth century. Throughout the centuries, the editions of the letter kept getting better and more interesting. They told of strange cultures that surrounded the kingdom and a salamander that lived in fire, which actually turned out to be the mineral substance asbestos. The letter could have been proven a forgery from the first edition of the letter, which copied exactly the description of the palace of Saint Thomas, the Apostle. Though some scholars think that the basis for Prester John came from the great empire of Genghis Khan, others conclude it was merely a fantasy. Either way, Prester John profoundly affected the geographical knowledge of Europe by stimulating interest in foreign lands and sparking expeditions outside of Europe.

Who are we to play God Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Who are we to play God - Dissertation Example The wonders of the universe and the miracle of life are becoming more known to our civilization now, more so than at any other point in human history. Developments in scientific reasoning and testing have allowed us to determine the underlying theory of many concepts. Technology has made this more efficient and facilitated some of the discoveries that have been made. In particular, one of the fields, which have been called into question due to a combination of religion, ethics, and politics, is in the field of biological engineering and manipulation.This is due to our high technological advancement in being able to accomplish meticulous processes as well as understanding the theory underlying complex biological processes. Stem cell research has been of high debate in this topic. Progressive society dictates that this is a normal step in treating medical disorders and learning more about how to manipulate biological mechanisms, however at what point does the progressive nature of scie nce override our morality and ethics? Although stem cell research has the possibility of sparking a new revolution in biomedical research, it is still important to recognize that there is a line where science and ethics meet, acknowledging that it is not a line that needs to be crossed. Stem cell research is a look into the future where diseases will be eradicated and a new biological science will develop, however there is controversy dealing with: the pros of research, the negative stigmata and ethical concerns of research, and the future of stem cell research as far as the benefits it can bring. Stem cells are a specific form of cell, which can be encoded to perform almost any function of a cell in the human body. They are hard to harvest due to the fact that as adults, there are very limited quantities of stem cells in the body because they have already differentiated, that is changed into the cell they were needed to function as. For scientists, finding an adequate supply of ste m cells was vital in order to keep the research alive therefore they turned to embryos. Embryos have extremely high counts of stem cells, especially in the early stages. This is due to the fact that as an embryo, the growth is occurring at an accelerated rate. Differentiation of different layers and the formation of all the different organ systems in the body requires a large supply of stem cells in order to serve their function in each of the different systems. The one drawback to the method of harvesting stem cells from human embryos is that usually the infant will not survive or there will be permanent biological damage, which could influence the biological development of the infant in a maladaptive way. Therefore, researchers turned to abortion clinics in order to use aborted fetuses to harvest these cells. This is why the topic of stem cell research is so closely tied to that of the debate of Roe vs. Wade, the argument of prochoice and prolife. Stem cell research in the United States has been extremely restricted by the government. There are only specific institutions and sites where this research can be conducted; federal funding of these projects is also limited. This stigma on stem cell research is having repercussions in the medical and biological research fields. Some scientists devote their life work to that of stem cell research, but are unable to pursue the research adequately here in the United States. Therefore, they leave the United States in order to pursue their research in countries where there are not as many restrictions on stem cell research. As a result, there is an increasingly dangerous hemorrhage in the scientific community as they leave to study in other countries. In addition, private companies have tried to take advantage of this situation by providing funding in these biomedical applications to keep scientists here (Brainard 22-25). However, there are movements in legislature, both state and federal, which are pushing for fewer li mitations in stem cell researc

Wedding Planning Budget Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wedding Planning Budget - Essay Example While each of us wanted to ensure that our guests would have the best time possible, it was important to me to also make sure that we could get the most out of this as it is officially marking the beginning of our life together as a married couple. The key way in which we determined we could meet both of these objectives is to plan a personal, heartwarming wedding with the understanding that there would have to be a degree of modesty or simple nature to our planning. This will not be a celebrity-style wedding with all of the pomp and circumstance that comes with a grand or royal wedding but, a more organic and realistic representation of who we are as a couple while adhering to our specific budget parameters. With this in mind, we both agreed that the $5,000 from our parents would be kept separate from the wedding budget and placed into its own fund for a honeymoon as it is very important to each of us to be able to enjoy a week together to start our married life. Although it seems backwards to discuss this part of our wedding budget first, I am going to address how this $5,000 will be used right now so that I can keep this a part from the rest of the details regarding the wedding ceremony and reception. With a designated sum of $5,000 for our budget, we chose a destination that would be easy for us to travel to and still have a considerable amount of this budget left over for lodging, food and entertainment on our trip. Due to my fiancà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s love of the ocean and the fact that I am familiar with Anne of Green Gables from Halifax, Nova Scotia, we decided to vacation there for our weeklong honeymoon. After an intense internet search of travel sites for the best deal, we were able to secure airfare and 7 days in a hotel for $1177.53 a person. Here is a quick breakdown of our budget: With the details of the honeymoon secured, I can now move forward to the more in-depth breakdown of the

See work below in description Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

See work below in description - Coursework Example More often than not, after establishing the basis for company prices, managers always develop pricing strategies by looking at the pricing goals that the company strives. These may be such as pricing increasing long-term or short-term profits, increasing cash flow, stabilizing prices and in some cases warding off competition. After taking into account the existing market conditions, companies may consider fixed price policies. These may include menu based pricing, activity based pricing and cost per drop. Most specifically the various fixed pricing strategies are based on the customers demand and market expectations (Özer & Phillips, 2012). Consumers tend to experience two roots of value for a product. One is acquisition utility, and the other is transaction utility, these are what forms part of the consequences should a fixed pricing policy apply. Acquisition utility implies utility of obtaining a given product while on the other hand transaction utility implies the difference between the featured price and a subjects reference price. Through fixed pricing policy, consumers are able to decide for the time they will pay for better service provided and when it would be logical to order to reduce impulse buying (Nagle,

Marketing Myopia, Theodore Levitt

Marketing Myopia, Theodore Levitt The rapid increase in technology, economic downturn and globalization has led the businesses to reflect about their organizational goals and policies. It is of imperative importance that an organization knows where it is heading. Businesses may have cutting-edge technology, large customer base and skillful employees which are an asset for any organization but it would all fall behind if that organization does not have a clear and concrete understanding of what it is trying to achieve in the long-run. It is the vision and goals of the company that direct its people to work for a purpose and is fundamental to the success of a company. Visions help to define the working practices, relationships, procedures and strategies for production which is turn determines the magnitude of progress of the organization. Theodore Levitt, in his article Marketing Myopia, compels the readers to understand the importance of effectively set visions which are a catalyst for the companys success. Most of the industries focus largely on their refined product and become victims of downfall in the long-run. They do not realize the cause of their diminishing growth because to them their strategies in product development and product enhancement are top-notch. They tend to blame external factors which might have contributed to their downfall but they fail to see the bigger picture underneath: their goals and visions did not focus on consumer preferences and needs. Theodore Levitt explains this phenomenon by the carefully penned term Marketing Myopia which refers to the short-sighted visions by the top-management that is focused on enhancing products rather than assessing customer needs. Levitt explains the downfall of railroads stating that the industry was defined incorrectly. The management should have seen railroads as a transportation means rather than just railroad industry. The stagnation of this industry thus was because of incorrectly defined vision. According to Theodore Levitt, there are no growth industries. He believes that in todays times there could be many substitutes for any number of products and the companys which focus on capitalizing their growth opportunities fall into a shadow of obsolescence. They fail to see the prospects of substitute industries which could wipe-out their businesses. For example, the silk industry in Europe has been thoroughly diminished because of introduction of viscose rayon as it costs less and has the ability to replace silk. In short, Levitt tells us that the companies are doomed to fail if their visions and purpose is obscure. In order to succeed, organizations should have crystal-clear goals that focus on the customer needs and preferences rather than on the product. This paper will discuss some of the pros of the article Marketing Myopia and some criticisms about the same along with examples. HIGHLIGHTING THE STRONG POINTS: Theodore Levitt emphasized that the organizations which are working on the belief that their products are unique; are growth opportunities for them and would continue to give them success, do not realize that their dependence on such belief could be their downfall. He describes this view in these lines: Industries that assume themselves to be riding some automatic growth escalator invariably descend into stagnation. The history of every dead and dying growth industry shows a self-deceiving cycle of bountiful expansion and undetected decay. He further gives four strong points arguing why these industries slow down in their growth conquest. 1. The belief that growth is assured by an expanding and more affluent population. 2. The belief that there is no competitive substitution for the industrys major product. 3. Too much faith in mass production and in the advantages of rapidly declining unit costs as output rises. 4. Preoccupation with a product that lends itself to carefully controlled scientific experimentation, improvement, and manufacturing cost reduction. I would be discussing these strong points here with the help of examples. 1. Population Myth: Theodore Levitt rightly argues that when the market for the product is growing the management tends to stop thinking about the future assuming that the growing market is the indication of future success. The management then focuses on expanding its production rather than thinking about marketing. The main focus of their concerns becomes selling which stems from the needs of the seller instead off the needs of the consumer. The management tends to ignore the changing trends and needs of the customer which leads the company to their doom. Iridium, which once was a high-flying organization on Wall Street, got the biggest failure in the market. Iridium introduced satellite phones in late 1990s that could work anywhere in the world. It was a brilliant idea which was flopped within a year pushing the company towards bankruptcy and leading the CEO to resign. The company invested billions of dollars in this project which backfired because the focus of their initiative was not the consumer. They assumed that the growing advancement in information technology and the larger customer base for mobile phones would be enough to build an expensive project on. They did not take marketing efforts seriously and failed to realize ahead of time that the consumers were not willing to pay high prices for their product and they did not take note of the fact that the cellular phones could become popular during that same time period. The market for satellite phones was not tested before launching the phones which did not get the success hope d by the management. 2. No Competitive Substitution Myth: The second argument by Theodore Levitt, the belief that there is no competitive substitution for the industrys major product, could easily bring about the downfall for the organization. When the management tends to have faith in the fact that their offerings are indispensable, they stop thinking about the future. They focus on producing that indispensable product and do not take into consideration the changing environment and the threats of possible entrants or substitute products. This belief takes the organization into stagnation. In this age, mobile phones have more or less replaced the fixed connections. The competition is between the landline services and the mobile phone companies. Now multiple wireless access technologies are also in the fast race with the GSM technologies. 3. Faith in Mass Production: Declining unit costs as production rises is a very attractive incentive for producers. They tend to focus on the production and costs rather than focusing on the marketing and consumer preferences. Once they have mass produced their products, they are inclined towards selling it instead of marketing it which becomes the reason for their downfall. As time changes, the consumer preferences change as well. . It is a known phenomenon that people and their behaviors have to change with the changing environment they live in. With todays changing milieu, an individual must be willing to abandon old techniques and learn new ones. Henry Ford, developer of assembly-line technique for mass production, introduced Model T automobile and revolutionized the transportation business. He started producing Model in large quantities. It was a success initially and was hailed as the everywhere. As time changed, the consumers started thinking in terms of benefits and value they get from the Model T car. They demanded more features especially color options. Ford replied saying, Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black; it was because black color used to take less time in drying. After some time, the production of Model T stopped as consumer wants changed and the industry got competitive. It is important for the organizations to take in view the changing trends and consumer wants. The industries in todays age are highly competitive and uncertain. Thus to avoid stagnation, marketing should be given specific importance. 4. Preoccupation with Scientific Research and Development Techniques: Theodore Levitt says in the article, The greatest danger which faces the glamorous new companies in this field is not that they do not pay enough attention to research and development, but that they pay too much attention to it. It is true that most technological firms tend to focus their efforts towards scientific implementations and research and development which raises their cost and increases their chances of failure if the innovations are not receptive to the consumers. Nokia, a world-leading organization in cell-phone industry, is fighting a battle with Apple Inc. for the market share of smartphones. The recent milestone in the cell-phone industry is the application feature. Apple has the largest market share in smartphone segments while Nokia is spending millions of dollars for R and D in this area yet its sales are diminishing. The software Nokia uses is failing which is the reason for continuous scientific research in this regard. According to Bloomberg.com, Nokias share of worldwide smartphone sales fell to 41.2 percent in the first quarter of 2009 from 45.1 percent in the year- earlier period, while Apples doubled to 10.8 percent. EXAMPLE OF MARKETING MYOPIA: Marketing Myopia does exist in almost all the industries where the top management fails to see the bigger picture. When the organizations take profit-making approach or mass production techniques, they tend to lose sight of the customers who can change the fate of any organization. Theodore Levitt gave us illustrations about myopic industries though most of his discussion was based on the railroad dilemma or the oil industry. Marketing Myopia, however, could be found in any organization. An example taken from Ivey Business Journal is presented here which discusses the downfall of PG owned coffee roasting company, Splendid, and the rise of Starbucks. For several decades Procter Gamble owned Splendid, an Italian coffee roasting company and a leading brand in the Italian take-home coffee market. Through Splendid, PG had access to a powerful reservoir of knowledge about the production, distribution and marketing of authentic, Italian espresso coffee, and to powerful insights on the consumer experience of enjoying an espresso or a cappuccino in an Italian coffee bar. But it viewed the potential of this knowledge narrowly: as a way to adapt the famous PG brand building and product management skills to the Italian market a peculiar place where people drank thick, dark coffee in preference to the traditional American brew. PGs myopic view of competition both in Italy and, back home, in the U.S.- and its failure to engage with the world as a source of innovation, left the way open for Starbucks, a minute coffee roasting company from Seattle. In the mid-eighties, Starbucks CEO spent some time in Italy and studied the technology and consumer behavior in the Italian coffee market knowledge that PG had already in-house at Splendid for ages. He then combined what he learnt in Italy with world-class retailing and fast-food management techniques perfected in the United States. To the recipe, he added his understanding of American consumers and New York financial market to craft Starbucks strategy. The results are now legendary. What made the success of Starbucks was not an innovative coffee blend but rather an innovative knowledge blend. The amazing thing is that PG had privileged access to all the components of the recipe, though some components were in other countries (Italy, for starters) or in other industries (for example, fast-food). But myopia was surely limiting and hurting PG, as it couldnt see much beyond its existing markets across the street. Eventually, in 1992, PG sold Splendid to Philip Morris Kraft General Foods. HIGHLIGHTING THE PROBLEMS OF MARKETING MYOPIA: Considering the fact that what Theodore Levitt said in his article Marketing Myopia was completely flawless would be ambiguous. Like every theory, Marketing Myopia also has its negative points. Railroad and Movie Industry: Theodore Levitt has explained the concept of marketing myopia with the help of the examples of railroads and Hollywood industry. He has pointed out that the failure of railroads was not due to the introduction of other transportation facilities availability rather the incapability of the management in defining the purpose of railroad industry as just railroad-oriented instead of a transportation-oriented. If they had identified themselves as transportation-oriented, they would have been able to see the market conditions more clearly and hence be prepared for any threats coming their way. Levitt has also explained about the Hollywood business in the same context: that they failed to define their purpose as entertainment-oriented and stuck with their myopic view of Hollywood as movie-making business which led to its near collapse because they did not treat TV as an opportunity. This led to their self-deceiving belief and TV became their threat and a much bigger industry. In 1990, David J. Morris Jr. of University of New Haven, published an article in the Journal of the Academy of Marketing Services. He explained that the reason railroads came to their demise and the fiscal purgatory of Hollywood industry was not because they were myopic. He explained that their failure was due to the Government regulations that did not give them the chance for expansion even though they tried. In his article, he has stated that the US Government Regulatory body shifted to trucks, auto and air after World War II because of which the railroads got left behind. In his view, the railroads tried to expand into related transportation areas but the railroads suffered because of 70 years of government destruction. Morris has also explained that the Hollywood industry took steps to acquire television stations but the Federal Communications Commission denied this request to Paramount Pictures Inc. The movie industry also became a supplier to the television industry as the motion pictures were in colored and the television was still in black and white. Some motion picture producers also rented out studio space to television. The problems in movie industry thus were not because they were myopic rather because of antitrust policies and Government regulations. It is true that most managements fail to see the bigger picture while trying to focus on their product and define their purpose obscurely and finally getting caught up in myopia but the history of railroads and Hollywood industry show that they were not myopic rather victims of Government regulations. Stakeholders: Theodore Levitt stresses upon the need to focus on the customers and their preferences. In his article, he has emphasized the role of marketing repeatedly saying that the success of the firm in inevitable if the market has been thoroughly researched and the visions and goals of the company are defined on the basis of the marketing efforts. But he does not explain about the role and need of the stakeholders of the organization who also play a big part in the future of the organization. An organization may have an excellent product, well-defined market segment and a considerable market share and yet it could all fail if there are any problems in the workforce, distributors or suppliers. The focus should be the customer but the stakeholders should also be taken into consideration while defining the vision of any organization. Likewise, the marketers should also focus on the current environmental situations, environmentalists and legal regulations instead of just focusing on the customer. Leadership Issues: An organization could also fail if the leadership has no purpose for the organization. It is important to define the purpose in terms of market conditions but an organization should also have a purpose and a reason to exist; when it is lost the organization would fail even if their product and customer base is strong. Theodore Levitt has stated that in order to succeed in future an organization must have customer-oriented goals but the management should also have a vision to lead so that it could fulfill the purpose of those customer-oriented goals. For example, before 1984, ATT had a purpose and a reason to survive. The organization had talented employees and excellent services. The company started failing due to changing technologies and shifting regulations. Michael Armstrong was hired as the CEO with the hope that he would prevent ATT from failing. That unfortunately did not happen because the vision of the CEO to lead was hazy. He started laying-off employees and losing acquisitions and cost-cutting strategies which backfired. The reason was simple: Michael Armstrong did not have a clear understanding of how to lead and could not therefore manage the customer-oriented visions. CONCLUSION: Information in todays time has become more liquid and accessible. The organizations which want to grow in this world need to recognize the need for knowledge about the changing trends, technologies and customer preferences. Marketing Myopia as defined by Theodore Levitt could teach a lot of organizations the importance of clearly defined purposes and customer value. The organizations need to look around them to the changing environment-not only local changes rather a birds-eye view of the world around them. If the top management fails to see the local and global implications of the changing trends and decides to just focus their attention to their product then they are bound to get caught in myopia. This age is not one for an isolated entity. It is also of great significance that the top management analyzes the over-all impact of their strategies with the view to the market and start to think imaginatively. In the recent years, the understanding of marketplace trends and its competitive implications has led the organizations to change their strategies and policies. The competitive pressures influence the businesses to act speedily and innovate productively. The only profit-making approach towards busine ss does not hold true in these times because a single idea, a new product or even a new use of an existing idea can change the marketplace rapidly. The organizations have to continuously evolve and innovate in order to stay in this cut-throat competitive environment. If the management fails to do this, them the organization is bound to be caught up in the self-deceiving cycle of bountiful expansion and undetected decay.

History of the Cell :: essays research papers

History of the Cell The word cell was coined by Englishman Robert Hooke (1635-1703), after viewing slices of cork in a microscope. The word cell was derived from the Latin word cella meaning small container. The microscope created new possibilities in the study biology. It allowed scientists to look into a completely new view of cellular biology. Galileo is credited with the invention of the microscope. Two of the main pioneers in microscope usage were Robert Hooke and Antonie von Leeuwenhoek. Rene Dutrochet discovered, in 1824, that the cell is the fundamental element in the structure of life. The first sightings of the actual movement of a cell were made by Robert Brown in 1827. Brown also discovered the nucleus in 1833. In Berlin, Johannes Muller made the connection between biology and medicine, others soon followed Muller and his connective thinking. One to follow Muller was Theodore Schwann. Schwann created the idea of the "cell theory" in the 1830's and stated that plants consisted of cells. His statement was made after Matthias Schleiden (1804 - 1881) had decided in 1838 that animals are composed of cells. In 1939 Schwann also stated that all organisms consist of one or more cells, and that the cell is the basic structure for all of life. German Pathologist by the name of Rudolf Virchow (1821 - 1902) altered the thought of cellular biology with his statement that "every cell comes from a cell.† Not even twenty years after this statement, processes of cell reproduction were being described. In 1898, Camillo Golgi developed a staining technique using silver nitrate that allows the identification of the cellular organelle that now bears his name, the â€Å"Golgi apparatus.† The Golgi apparatus is responsible for processing the proteins that are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. In 1953 Stanley Lloyd Miller conducted his famous primordial soup experiment. His experiment may have possibly shown how life’s building blocks here on earth may have formed. In the experiment he subjected a gaseous mixture of hydrogen, water, methane, and ammonia to an electric discharge for one week. Instead of him showing everyone that spontaneous generation was possible, his primordial soup showed him that it was not. Miller made sure that there was no oxygen in his design, but all throughout life there has been oxygen present.

Macy’s Department Store Repositioning Essay

Executive Summary As the global recession happened, the traditional department stores were experiencing consistently declining sales and market share. Also, the traditional department stores industry is between mature and decline stage of life cycle. Macy’s changed parts of their strategy and consolidation that focuses on localizing management, strengthening supplier relationships and providing products and customer service based on local consumer preferences. However, the consolidation was not with problems. With dealing these problems Macy’s changed parts of the strategy as following: * Continuing to adjust its portfolio of store. * Focusing on Fashion. * Continuing to develop and debut Macy’s private labels in bedding, outwears etc. * Increasing national advertising with emphasis on fashion and service. Statement of the problem/opportunity/and objectives The tradition department stores were one of the areas hit by the recession. While some companies dropped previously supported causes and programs, Macy’s got more profit and market share through repositioning strategy and consolidation, even with the rough economic times. Analysis of the situation External and internal Macy’s is a kind of traditional department store, and consolidation in 2005, at that time the economy is quite good. In 2008, the broad environment is not good; the economy of U.S. entered a recession. The sales of Macy’s are decreased. Also, in 2011, the price of gasoline and cotton were increased. This increased the cost of Macy’s. So the profit and market share of Macy’s reduced. As the department stores industry was attracting fewer and fewer consumers, Macy’s entered into the declining industry life cycle model. The recession and the declining industry life cycle model are both negatively affect the success of Macy’s. Although the external factors are not good, the internal factors are very good for Macy’s. One such factor was Macy’s has the national recognition. Another positive factor is Macy’s is really strong. It has 810 stores across the United States. Thirdly, Macy’s has the experience management. Macy’s was founded between 1843 and 1855 in downtown Haverhill, Massachusetts. Department stores created for â€Å"one-stop shopping†, Moreover, they had specific experience in converting regional brands to the Macy’s brand. A fourth factor contributing to the successful consolidation was that Macy’s made their stores on prime locations. These internal factors are positive for the success of Macy’s. Porter’s five –forces model Porter’s five –forces model describes the competitive environment in terms of five basic competitive forces: 1. The threat of new entrants. Macy’s had more competitors because more and more self-made fashion lines join to the market to get the market shares, such as H&M, Forever 21. Self-made fashion brands remodeled for more pleasant shopping experience. It is the threat for Macy’s. Also, the developed national stores have the lower cost and overcome quality and service same as Macy’s, it cause the competition. 2. The bargaining power of buyers. Buyers threaten an industry by forcing down price, bargaining for higher quality or more service, and playing competitors against each other. Macy’s has lower cost but because of the bad economic, the customers have little bargaining power. Secondly, Macy’s already had everyday value. They give lower price means they will get lower profit. Low profit creates incentives to lower purchasing costs. However, highly profitable buyers are generally less price sensitive. 3. The bargaining power of suppliers. Supplier power refers to the ability of providers of inputs to determine the price and terms of supply. Suppliers can exert power over firms industry by raising prices or reducing the quality of purchased goods and services, so reducing profitability. After Macy’s consolidation, Macy’s bought mass amounts from same buyers and Macy’s have strong relationship with these buyers. The bargaining power of suppliers is really high. 4. The threat of substitute products and services. All firms and industry compete with other industries offering substitute products or services. The threat of substitute products and services was the major concern, particularly with discounters such as Target offering similar products, and large chain that specialized in clothes such as H&M. 5. The intensity of the rivalry among competitors in an industry Rivalry refers to the degree to which firms respond to competitive moves of the other firms in the industry. Macy’s repositioned its industry segment to the upper middle level. Macy’s decided to change the strategy, they will be more fashionable and fashion at lower price. Also Macy’s change the brand to focus in attracting customers interested in fashion rather than customers in a specific demographic. Unique and a sustainable competitive advantage Macy’s repositioned itself as an upper-middle level store is easily imitable. Other department stores also can position as the same level. But Macy’s attempt to become â€Å"America’s department store† is something that other, small department stores cannot imitate. Also, Macy’s focus on less traditional and conservative than other department stores is a flawed value proposition, but it is not a bad one. Because of some of the consumers may like the traditional Macy’s. Consolidating brands to allow for lower prices is a good way to cut cost and to be unique. Identification and evaluation of alternatives Macy’s consolidation and repositioning strategy is really good and Macy’s did the best decisions. Because as the external environment is bad but Macy’s use itself internal advantage to consolidate and reposition to gain back the market share and profit. Consolidation and repositioning strategy help Macy’s get more brand power, prime location and improved consumer experience. Additional Macy’s got consumers focus on the affordable fashion. However, it also came with some problems such as uncertain industry conditions, excess costs and emphasis on standardization. Macy’s Future As Macy’s pursued an aggressive strategy in 2011, Macy’s was doing well. Almost everybody knows the everyday value of Macy’s and Macy’s afford the â€Å"America department store†. But department stores industry is in declining and competition is growing rapidly. Macy’s has recently instituted the strategy to compete in a tough market. So Macy’s is doing well and have huge advantage, but maybe other department stores will catch up and overcome in following years. Macy’s may change strategy when economy, competition change.

Why were the Bolsheviks able to take power in October 1917

There are many factors that allowed to Bolsheviks to take power in October 1917 such as the growing unpopularity of the Provisional Government at the time. Moreover, events such as the July days and the return of Lenin and Trotsky. The Bolshevik slogans â€Å"Bread, Land and Peace† and â€Å"All Power to the Soviets† also sum up the other major factors to their rise. The Provisional Government was becoming increasingly unpopular.They had failed to end the war and were blamed for food shortages and rising prices. Also, the Russian people were unable to choose their own government as the Provisional Government had not held elections which had displeased most people of Russia. The Bolsheviks took advantage of the unpopularity of the Provisional Government and increased its support. Its slogan â€Å"Bread, Land and Peace† was a really attractive offer to the Russian people. The â€Å"Bread† issue was not being solved by the government, but the Bolsheviks promi sed that they would deal with it.Lenin promised to provide the people with sufficient food, and the starving population turned to him for help. Furthermore, most peasants were furious with the government and the landowners for not giving the peasants a chance to earn their own money with their own land. Lenin, in accordance with the communist ideology, promised that the landowners' property would be split up and distributed equally, naturally attracting mass support from the majority of the population. In addition, the slogan ‘Peace' was the most ppealed out of the 3 by the Russian people.Almost everybody wanted the war to stop, as it continued for so long. The devastated economy and dwindling food supplies were all caused by the war, and people wished to return to their old lives. Lenin knew this and aptly used this as a slogan for his campaign. Being the only party which constantly opposed the continuation of the war, the Bolsheviks attracted many supporters. Additionally, t he leadership of Lenin was another factor that allowed the Bolsheviks to take power. Lenin was a dedicated, determined and skilled leader.He motivated his party and, through agitation and propaganda, the Bolsheviks became very popular in the army and in the factories. The leadership of the party was loyal to Lenin, and they followed his orders with conviction. The party had a proficient propaganda machine, producing newspapers, banners, posters and setting up recruitment drives in the army and factories. Lenin promised to bring an end to the war, to give land to peasants, to give workers control of factories, to take control of he banks and to give power to soviets of workers and soldiers set up throughout Russia.During the July Days, a political crisis erupted as soldiers in Petrograd refused to go to the front and sailors Joined the workers in anti-government demonstrations. These people were mostly Bolshevik supporters, and these riots were no doubt sparked off by party instigato rs. However, they were delivered a crushing defeat when the government managed to suppress the demonstrations and arrested a few leading Bolsheviks. Lenin himself was shot twice in the chest from close range, but urvived to escape to Finland.However, this event emphasises that the Bolsheviks Bolsheviks were able to take power in October 1917 because of Lenin's outstanding speaking skills and use of propaganda. Equally because of the state Russia was in during 1917 with shortage of food, and the need to end the war. The Bolsheviks were the only party that opposed the continuation of the war – which the majority of the Russian population wanted – promising to give the people of Russia what they urgently needed at the time, â€Å"Bread, Land and Peace†.